Standard 1 Science As Inquiry:
As a result of their activities in grades 9-12, all students will develop the abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry and understandings about scientific inquiry.
Benchmark 1
Measurement and Solving Problems: Heat and temperature.
Indicator 1
Define temperature and state its units.
Indicator 2
Define heat and state its units.
Indicator 3
Explain the difference between temperature and heat.
Indicator 4
Convert temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin and vise versa.
Benchmark 2
Measurement And Solving Problems - Heat capacity and Specific heat
Indicator 1
Discuss heat capacity.
Indicator 2
Discuss specific heat.
Indicator 3
Perform specific heat calculations.
Indicator 4
Explain the difference between heat capacity and specific heat.
Benchmark 3
Measurement And Solving Problems - SI Measurement system.
Indicator 1
Explain why the SI system is used in science.
Benchmark 4
Measurement And Solving Problems - Fundamental SI units.
Indicator 1
Name the five fundamental SI units used in chemistry.
Benchmark 5
Measurement And Solving Problems - Unit conversion.
Indicator 1
Define "unit conversion".
Indicator 2
Give examples of unit conversions.
Indicator 3
Perform unit conversions using the factor-label method.
Benchmark 6
Measurement And Solving Problems - Derived SI units.
Indicator 1
Explain how to get derived units.
Indicator 2
List several derived units.
Indicator 3
Perform density calculations.
Indicator 4
Measure the density of an object.
Benchmark 7
Measurement And Solving Problems - Using scientific measurements accuracy, precision, significant figures).
Indicator 1
Distinguish between accuracy and precision.
Indicator 2
Apply the rules for determining significant figures.
Indicator 3
Determine the number of significant figures in measurements.
Indicator 4
Perform mathematical operations involving significant figures.
Benchmark 8
Measurement And Solving Problems - Problem solving (unit conversion)
Indicator 1
Use unit conversion to solve word problems.
Benchmark 9
Measurement And Solving Problems - Lab safety.
Indicator 1
Describe and list rules to be used when doing lab exercises.
Benchmark 10
Measurement And Solving Problems - Nature of chemistry.
Indicator 1
Define chemistry.
Indicator 2
Identify some applications of chemistry in everyday life.
Benchmark 11
Nature And Structure of Matter - Branches of chemistry.
Indicator 1
List and explain the five major branches of chemistry.
Benchmark 12
Nature And Structure of Matter - Density.
Indicator 1
Measure the density of an unknown element and use a resource book to identify the unknown based upon the calculations.
Benchmark 13
Nature And Structure of Matter - Weight/mass.
Indicator 1
Explain the difference between weight and mass.
Benchmark 14
Nature And Structure of Matter - Law of conservation of energy.
Indicator 1
State the law of conservation of energy.
Benchmark 15
NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER - Law of conservation of matter.
Indicator 1
State the law of conservation of matter.
Indicator 2
Discuss the relationship between the law of conservation of matter and the law of conservation of energy.
Benchmark 16
Nature And Structure of Matter - Scientific method.
Indicator 1
Describe the scientific method.
Indicator 2
List and explain the steps in the scientific method.
Benchmark 17
Nature And Structure of Matter - Graphing
Indicator 1
Graph data.
Chemistry: Experiences in grades 9-12 will allow all students to develop an understanding of the structure of atoms, chemical reactions, and the interactions of energy and matter.
Benchmark 1
Nature and Structure of Matter: Physical and chemical properties of matter.
Indicator 1
Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter.
Benchmark 2
Nature And Structure Of Matter - Classifications of matter (elements, mixture, compound).
Indicator 1
Distinguish between mixtures, compounds, elements.
Indicator 2
Classify various types of matter as mixtures, compounds, or elements.
Benchmark 3
Nature And Structure Of Matter - States of Matter (solid, liquid, gas).
Indicator 1
Explain the gaseous, liquid, and solid states of matter in terms of the particles, shapes and volume.
Benchmark 4
Nature And Structure Of Matter - Physical changes and Chemical changes.
Indicator 1
Describe the difference between physical and chemical changes.
Indicator 2
Classify changes in matter as physical or chemical.
Benchmark 5
Nature And Structure Of Matter - Classification of elements (metal, metalloids, non-metals, noble gases).
Indicator 1
Discuss the differences between metals, nonmetals, metalloids and gases.
Indicator 2
Explain how to identify these different types of elements on the periodic table.
Benchmark 6
Nature And Structure Of Matter - Periodic table.
Indicator 1
Explain the difference between groups (families) and series (periods) on the periodic table.
Indicator 2
Identify different types of elements on the periodic table.
Benchmark 7
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Energy levels.
Indicator 1
Explain the concept of an energy level.
Benchmark 8
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC TABLE - Electron arrangement in atoms.
Indicator 1
Construct the "arrow diagram" chart which predicts how electrons enter energy levels and orbitals in an atom.
Benchmark 9
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Atomic structure (protons, neutrons, electrons).
Indicator 1
Name the two major parts of an atom.
Indicator 2
List the three subatomic particles of an atom.
Indicator 3
State the location of the three subatomic particles of an atom.
Indicator 4
Give the charge of these subatomic particles of an atom.
Indicator 5
Give the relative mass numbers of these particles.
Indicator 6
Define "atomic number" and discuss how it is related to proton number.
Benchmark 10
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Mass number/Isotopes.
Indicator 1
Define the term isotope.
Indicator 2
Describe the atomic structures of the three isotopes of hydrogen.
Indicator 3
Define mass number.
Indicator 4
Calculate the mass number of atoms given the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Indicator 5
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the percentage abundances of its naturally occurring isotopes.
Benchmark 11
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Moles, atoms, and Avogadro's number.
Indicator 1
Define a mole in terms of Avogadro's number.
Indicator 2
Explain the term "molar" mass.
Indicator 3
Discuss the relationship between molar mass, Avogadro's number and the number of atoms present in a sample element.
Indicator 4
Solve word problems involving moles, gram atomic mass, and Avogadro's number of atoms.
Benchmark 12
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Historical atomic models, and Bohr model of atom.
Indicator 1
Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Benchmark 13
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Wave particle nature of light.
Indicator 1
Discuss the dual wave-particle nature of light.
Indicator 2
Explain the mathematical relationship among the velocity, wavelength, and frequency of electromagnetic radiation.
Indicator 3
List the wavelengths (e.g. radio waves, ultraviolet waves, etc.) in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Indicator 4
Given the bright line spectrum of an unknown element, use a reference spectrum to identify the element.
Benchmark 14
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Quantum model of atoms.
Indicator 1
Describe the Quantum Model of an Atom.
Benchmark 15
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Quantum numbers.
Indicator 1
List the four quantum numbers.
Indicator 2
Explain the function of each.
Indicator 3
List and explain the number of sublevels corresponding to each main energy level.
Indicator 4
List and explain the number of orbitals present in each main energy level.
Indicator 5
List and explain the number of orbitals present in each sublevel.
Indicator 6
Discuss the importance of the spin quantum number.
Benchmark 16
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Electron configurations, and Atomic orbitals.
Indicator 1
List the total number of electrons needed to fully occupy each main energy level.
Indicator 2
List the total number of electrons possible in each type of orbital found in each main energy level.
Benchmark 17
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Electron configurations and the periodic table.
Indicator 1
State and apply the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle.
Indicator 2
Describe the arrangement of electrons in any atom of any element using orbital notation, electron-configuration notation, and electron-dot notation.
Indicator 3
Describe the noble-gas configuration and write it for any noble gas.
Benchmark 18
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Periodic Table.
Indicator 1
Explain the role of Mendeleev in the development of the Periodic Table.
Indicator 2
Describe the Modern Periodic Table.
Indicator 3
Describe how elements in groups are related by atomic number.
Indicator 4
Describe how elements in series are related by energy levels.
Benchmark 19
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Chemical periodicity and Periodic Law.
Indicator 1
State the Periodic Law.
Indicator 2
Discuss how the Periodic Law can be used to predict the physical and chemical properties of elements.
Benchmark 20
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Elements symbols.
Indicator 1
List the symbols for the most common elements.
Benchmark 21
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Periodic Table/Law Organization, Groups, periods, and blocks.
Indicator 1
Explain how periodic law helped scientists redo the Periodic Table into the modern one we use.
Indicator 2
Locate and name the following groups of elements on the periodic table: (1) The alkali metals, (2) The alkalline-Earth metal, (3) The halogens, and (4) The noble gases.
Indicator 3
Locate the s, p, d, and f block elements on the Periodic Table.
Indicator 4
Locate the metals, non-metals, transition metals, metalloids, and noble gases on the Periodic Table.
Indicator 5
Explain group and series trends for the following concepts: (1) Atomic radii, (2) Ionization energy, (3) Electron affinity, (4) Ionic radii, and (5) Electronegativity.
Benchmark 22
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Law of conservation of mass.
Indicator 1
State the law of conservation of mass and explain how it applies to atoms.
Benchmark 23
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Law of definite composition.
Indicator 1
State the law of definite composition and explain how it applies to the combination of atoms.
Benchmark 24
Atomic Structure And Periodic Table - Law of multiple proportions.
Indicator 1
Explain the law of multiple proportions.
Indicator 2
Apply the law of multiple proportions to example compounds to determine chemical formulas.
Benchmark 25
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Types of chemical bonds.
Indicator 1
Define a chemical bond.
Indicator 2
List and define the major types of chemical bonds.
Indicator 3
Classify bonds according to electronegativity differences.
Indicator 4
Explain why most chemical bonds are neither purely ionic nor purely covalent.
Benchmark 26
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Covalent bonds and molecular compounds.
Indicator 1
State the octet rule.
Indicator 2
List the basic steps used in writing Lewis dot structures.
Indicator 3
Discuss how to write shorthand Lewis structures.
Indicator 4
Explain how to determine Lewis structures for polyatomic ions.
Indicator 5
Write Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions.
Benchmark 27
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Molecular geometry of molecular compounds.
Indicator 1
Explain the VSEPR theory.
Indicator 2
Predict the shapes of molecules using VSEPR.
Indicator 3
Describe hybridization and how it accounts for the shapes of some molecules.
Indicator 4
Explain what determines molecular polarity.
Benchmark 28
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Ionic bonds and ionic compounds.
Indicator 1
Compare the meaning of a chemical formula for a molecular compound and one for an ionic compound.
Indicator 2
Discuss the meaning of the word "ion".
Indicator 3
Tell how ions are formed.
Indicator 4
List and compare the distinctive properties of ionic and molecular compounds.
Indicator 5
Describe how ionic bonds are formed and how this differs from the formation of molecular compounds.
Benchmark 29
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Oxidation numbers.
Indicator 1
Define oxidation numbers.
Indicator 2
Explain how to determine the most common oxidation number for an atom.
Indicator 3
Explain how oxidation numbers can be used to predict which kinds of atoms will bond together.
Benchmark 30
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Polyatomic ions names/symbols).
Indicator 1
List the names, formulas, and charges of the most common and most used polyatomic ions.
Benchmark 31
Chemical Bonds, Formulas And Naming - Naming compounds.
Indicator 1
Name an ionic compound when given its formula.
Indicator 2
Name the common laboratory acids when given their formulas.
Indicator 3
Name molecular compounds when given their formulas.
Benchmark 32
Chemical Reactions - Chemical Equations (read/write).
Indicator 1
List three requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
Indicator 2
Translate chemical equations into sentences.
Indicator 3
Translate a chemical sentence into chemical equations.
Indicator 4
Write word equations and formula equations when given descriptions of chemical reactions.
Indicator 5
List three things you can determine about chemical reactants and products.
Benchmark 33
Chemical Reactions - Balancing chemical equations.
Indicator 1
Balance a formula equation by inspection.
Benchmark 34
Chemical Reactions - Types of chemical reactions.
Indicator 1
List the four basic types of chemical reactions.
Indicator 2
Define each of the four basic types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement).
Indicator 3
Given chemical equations, classify a reaction as synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, or double-replacement.
Indicator 4
List three types of synthesis reactions.
Indicator 5
List six types of decomposition reactions.
Indicator 6
Predict the products of reactions, given the reactants.
Benchmark 35
Chemical Reactions - Activity Series of elements.
Indicator 1
List the generalizations based on the activity series that apply to the following: (1 Single-replacement reactions, (2) Synthesis reactions, and (3) Decomposition of oxides.
Indicator 2
Use the empirical rules of solubilities to predict reactions and products for ionic equations.
Benchmark 36
Chemical Reactions - Application of stoichiometry.
Indicator 1
Define stoichiometry.
Indicator 2
Define mole ratio and describe its role in stoichiometry calculations.
Indicator 3
Give mole ratios for any substances in a chemical equation.
Benchmark 37
Chemical Reactions - Ideal stoichiometric calculations on chemical equations.
Indicator 1
Calculate the amount in moles of a reactant or product, given the amount in moles of a different reactant or product.
Indicator 2
Calculate the mass of a reactant or product, given the amount in moles of a different reactant or product.
Indicator 3
Calculate the mass of a reactant or product, given the mass of a different reactant or product.
Benchmark 38
Chemical Reactions - Limiting reagents in percent yield.
Indicator 1
Define limiting reactants (limiting reagent).
Indicator 2
Describe the method for determining which of two reactants is a limiting reactant.
Indicator 3
Calculate the amount in moles or mass of a product, given the amounts in moles or masses of two reactants, one of which is in excess.
Indicator 4
Define theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent yield.
Indicator 5
Calculate percent yield, given actual yield and quantity of a reactant.
Benchmark 39
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Kinetic theory of gases
Indicator 1
State the kinetic theory of matter.
Indicator 2
Explain how this theory accounts for certain properties of matter.
Indicator 3
Explain the difference between the terms "ideal gas" and "real gas".
Indicator 4
Describe each of the characteristic properties of gases: expansion, low density, fluidity, compressibility, and diffusion.
Benchmark 40
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Ideal gas law vs. real gases
Indicator 1
Describe the conditions under which a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.
Benchmark 41
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Qualitative description of gases
Indicator 1
Discuss why measurable quantities like volume, pressure, temperature, and number of molecules of gas are needed to describe properly the state, or condition of a gas.
Indicator 2
Name variables that must be held constant in order to study the following relationships: (1) Pressure - Volume, (2) Temperature - volume, (3) Pressure - temperature, (4) Pressure - number of molecules, and (5) Volume - number of molecules.
Benchmark 42
Gases: Characteristics And Composition
Indicator 1
State the standard conditions of temperature and pressure.
Indicator 2
Discuss the significance of absolute-zero temperature.
Indicator 3
Use the Kelvin scale in calculations.
Benchmark 43
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Gas laws (Empirical)
Indicator 1
State Boyle's Law and use it to calculate volume-pressure changes at fixed temperatures.
Indicator 2
State Charles' Law and use it to calculate volume-temperature.
Indicator 3
State Gay-Lussac's Law and use it to calculate pressure-temperature changes at fixed volume.
Indicator 4
Use the combined gas law to calculate volume-pressure-temperature changes.
Indicator 5
State Dalton's Law of partial pressure and use it to calculate partial pressures and total pressures.
Benchmark 44
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Volume-mass relationships
Indicator 1
State the law of combining volumes.
Indicator 2
Define standard molar volume of a gas, and use it as a conversion factor to calculate gas masses and volumes.
Indicator 3
Calculate the molar mass and density of a gas by using standard molar volume.
Benchmark 45
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Avogadro's Principle
Indicator 1
State Avogadro's principle and explain its significance.
Benchmark 46
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Ideal gas law
Indicator 1
State the Ideal gas law.
Indicator 2
Explain the ideal gas law constant, give its numerical value, and discuss its units.
Indicator 3
Use the ideal gas law to find one of the quantities pressure, volume, temperature moles, when given the other three quantities.
Indicator 4
Calculate the molar mass or density of a gas by using the idea gas law.
Benchmark 47
Gases: Characteristics And Composition. Stoichiometry of gases
Indicator 1
Explain how Avogadro's principle applies to the volumes of gases in chemical reactions.
Indicator 2
Use chemical equation to specify volume relationships for gaseous reactants and/or products and to calculate the amounts of reactants needed or products produced.
Benchmark 48
Gases: Characteristics And Composition Effusion and diffusion
Indicator 1
State Graham's Law of effusion and diffusion.
Indicator 2
Determine the relative rates of effusion of two gases of known molar masses.
Benchmark 49
Solutions - Types of mixtures, Electrolytes, Components of a solution solute/solvent), and Properties of a solute in a solvent.
Indicator 1
Distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures.
Indicator 2
Explain the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
Indicator 3
Compare the properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions.
Indicator 4
Define the terms solute and solvent.
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